Understanding Low-Performing TikTok Ads: A Comprehensive Troubleshooting Guide
When TikTok ad campaigns underperform, it’s not merely a financial drain but a missed opportunity for growth. Identifying and rectifying these issues requires a systematic approach, diving deep into various facets of your campaign setup, execution, and analysis. This guide offers an exhaustive framework for troubleshooting low-performing TikTok ads, aiming to transform underperforming campaigns into revenue-generating powerhouses.
1. Defining and Diagnosing Low Performance
Before troubleshooting, it’s crucial to understand what “low performance” signifies in your specific context. Performance metrics vary based on campaign objectives and industry benchmarks.
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to Monitor:
- Cost Per Mille (CPM): The cost to reach 1,000 impressions. A rising CPM indicates increasing competition, audience fatigue, or targeting issues.
- Click-Through Rate (CTR): The percentage of people who clicked your ad after seeing it. A low CTR often points to unengaging creatives or irrelevant audience targeting.
- Cost Per Click (CPC): The cost you pay for each click on your ad. High CPC can stem from low CTR or high CPM.
- Conversion Rate (CVR): The percentage of clicks that lead to a desired action (e.g., purchase, lead form submission). A low CVR signals issues with your landing page, offer, or audience quality.
- Return on Ad Spend (ROAS): The revenue generated for every dollar spent on ads. This is the ultimate metric for e-commerce and sales-driven campaigns. Low ROAS means your ads aren’t profitable.
- Cost Per Acquisition (CPA) / Cost Per Lead (CPL): The cost incurred to acquire a customer or lead. High CPA/CPL directly impacts profitability.
- Frequency: The average number of times a unique user sees your ad. High frequency can lead to audience fatigue.
- Video Completion Rate (VCR): How much of your video ad users are watching. Low VCR indicates poor creative hook or watchability.
Benchmarking Performance:
- Historical Data: Compare current campaign performance against your past successful campaigns.
- Industry Averages: Research average KPIs for your industry on TikTok. Tools and reports from agencies often provide this data.
- Competitor Analysis: While difficult to get exact figures, observe competitor ad creatives and strategies for insights.
- Objective Alignment: Ensure your chosen metrics align with your campaign objective. For brand awareness, focus on CPM and reach; for sales, focus on ROAS and CPA.
Early Warning Signs:
- Sudden drop in CTR.
- Rapid increase in CPM or CPC.
- Decrease in daily spend despite adequate budget.
- Ad sets consistently showing “Learning Limited” or “Learning” status without improvement.
- Negative comments or low engagement on ads.
2. Foundation First: Pixel & Tracking Issues
Before optimizing anything else, verify your tracking infrastructure. Faulty pixel implementation or incorrect event setup can lead to inaccurate data, misinformed optimization, and campaigns that fail to deliver correctly.
TikTok Pixel Setup and Verification:
- Installation: Ensure the TikTok Pixel base code is correctly installed on every page of your website. Use the TikTok Pixel Helper Chrome extension to verify its presence and firing.
- Event Tracking: Confirm that all standard events (ViewContent, AddToCart, InitiateCheckout, Purchase, CompleteRegistration, etc.) relevant to your campaign objective are firing correctly and dynamically capturing value parameters (e.g., price for purchases).
- Custom Events: If using custom events, verify their setup and data accuracy.
- Event Deduplication: If you’re using both Pixel and Events API, ensure proper deduplication parameters are set to avoid double-counting conversions.
- Test Events: Utilize the “Test Events” tab within TikTok Ads Manager to simulate user actions and see if your events are firing correctly in real-time. This is crucial for verifying server-side tracking (Events API).
- Common Pixel Errors:
- Missing Pixel: No base code on the site.
- Incorrect Base Code: Typo or wrong Pixel ID.
- Events Not Firing: Code for specific events is missing or placed incorrectly.
- Incorrect Parameters: Value, currency, content_ids, etc., are not being passed correctly.
- Duplicate Events: Pixel and Events API sending the same event without deduplication.
- Delayed Firing: Events firing too late after the user action.
TikTok Events API (Conversions API):
- Server-Side Tracking: For enhanced accuracy and resilience against browser tracking restrictions, implement the Events API. This sends conversion data directly from your server to TikTok.
- Integration: Understand how to integrate it with your e-commerce platform (e.g., Shopify app, GTM server-side, custom code).
- Deduplication: Critically important. Ensure event_id and event_time parameters are consistently sent for both Pixel and API events to enable TikTok to deduplicate effectively.
- Data Matching: Higher quality data (e.g., email, phone number, IP address) sent via Events API can improve event matching and audience building.
Attribution Settings and Lookback Windows:
- Understanding Attribution: TikTok Ads Manager allows you to select attribution windows (e.g., 7-day click, 1-day view). Ensure these align with your typical customer journey and reporting needs. Shorter windows are more aggressive, longer windows give more credit.
- Cross-Channel Comparison: Be aware that TikTok’s attribution might differ from Google Analytics or other ad platforms. Discrepancies are normal, but significant differences warrant investigation.
- Post-View vs. Post-Click: Understand the difference and how each impacts your conversion reporting. Post-view can inflate results if not carefully considered.
Account Structure and Naming Conventions:
- Clarity: A well-organized account with clear naming conventions for campaigns, ad groups, and ads makes it easier to navigate, analyze, and troubleshoot.
- Granularity: Avoid overly complex structures. Start simple and expand as needed. Too many ad groups with small budgets can lead to “Learning Limited.”
3. Audience Targeting: Reaching the Right People (or Missing Them)
Even the best creative will fail if shown to the wrong audience. Audience targeting issues are a primary culprit for low TikTok ad performance.
Audience Definition & Segmentation:
- Broad vs. Niche:
- Broad Targeting: Leveraging TikTok’s algorithm with minimal targeting parameters (e.g., age, gender, location). This often works best with strong creatives and sufficient budget, allowing the algorithm to find the right users. Low performance here might indicate truly off-target creatives or insufficient budget for the algorithm to learn.
- Niche Targeting: Highly specific targeting (interests, behaviors, custom audiences). If performance is low, your niche might be too small, too expensive, or the interests selected don’t accurately reflect your ideal customer.
- Interest Targeting:
- Relevance: Are the interests truly relevant to your product/service?
- Specificity: Are they too broad or too narrow? Combine related interests for better reach.
- Overlapping Interests: TikTok’s Audience Insights tool can help identify overlaps if you suspect you’re targeting the same users across multiple ad groups.
- Hidden Interests: Sometimes, less obvious interests can be highly effective. Experiment.
- Behavioral Targeting: TikTok offers various behavioral categories (e.g., device interaction, content interaction). Are these aligned with your target audience’s online habits?
- Demographics: Age and gender are fundamental. Ensure these are accurately defined. Are you limiting yourself too much with age ranges?
- Geo-Targeting: Is your geographical targeting too wide or too narrow? Consider region-specific interests or languages.
- Device Targeting: Are you targeting the correct operating systems (iOS/Android) if device-specific features or app downloads are relevant?
- Broad vs. Niche:
Custom Audiences and Lookalikes (LALs):
- Source Quality: The quality of your source data (customer lists, website visitors, app activity) directly impacts the effectiveness of custom audiences and LALs. Ensure data is clean, up-to-date, and sufficiently large.
- Audience Size:
- Custom Audiences: If too small, TikTok might struggle to deliver ads efficiently. Minimum recommended size is generally 1,000 unique matches.
- Lookalikes: Start with 1% LALs for highest similarity, then test 5% or 10% for broader reach. If LALs perform poorly, the source audience might not be representative of your ideal customer.
- Exclusion Lists: Critically important. Exclude existing customers (for acquisition campaigns), recent purchasers, or users who have already converted to avoid wasted spend and improve ROAS.
- Refresh Rate: Ensure custom audiences, especially those based on website or app activity, are set to refresh regularly to include new users and exclude converted ones.
- Audience Fatigue: If your frequency is high, your audience might be seeing your ads too often, leading to ad blindness and reduced performance. This is common with small, highly targeted audiences. Solutions include:
- Expanding the audience size.
- Introducing new creative variations.
- Implementing frequency capping (if available for your objective).
- Pausing and restarting the ad set later.
A/B Testing Audiences:
- Always test different audience segments against each other.
- Use TikTok’s A/B testing feature or create duplicate ad sets with distinct audiences.
- Analyze which audience resonates best with your product and creative.
4. Creative Optimization: The Core of TikTok Success
TikTok is a creative-first platform. Your ad creative often makes or breaks your campaign performance.
Video Ad Best Practices on TikTok:
- The Hook (First 3 Seconds): Crucial for stopping the scroll. Must be visually arresting, intriguing, or relatable. Examples: fast-paced cuts, a surprising statement, a visually appealing product reveal, a relatable problem.
- Problem-Solution Framework: Clearly articulate a pain point and position your product/service as the solution.
- Authenticity over Perfection: UGC-style content often outperforms highly polished, traditional ads. Users are on TikTok for authentic content, not traditional advertisements.
- Native Feel: Make ads blend in with organic TikTok content. Use trending sounds, popular transitions, and TikTok effects (if appropriate).
- Sound On/Off: While most users watch with sound on, ensure your ad is understandable without sound through strong visuals and text overlays.
- Aspect Ratio: Vertical (9:16) is king. While 1:1 and 16:9 are supported, 9:16 offers the best full-screen immersive experience.
- Duration: Typically 15-60 seconds perform well, but test shorter (5-10s) and longer (60s+) depending on the message complexity. Shorter videos need immediate impact. Longer videos can tell a story.
- Text Overlays & Captions: Essential for conveying key messages, especially if sound is off or if your audience consumes content quickly. Keep them concise and legible.
- Call-to-Action (CTA): Clear, prominent, and concise. Tell users exactly what to do next (Shop Now, Learn More, Sign Up).
- Visual Variety: Show different angles of your product, people interacting with it, and various use cases.
- Pacing: Fast-paced cuts and dynamic transitions keep users engaged. Avoid stagnant shots.
Ad Copy & Call-to-Action (CTA):
- Conciseness: TikTok’s format favors brevity. Get straight to the point.
- Benefit-Driven: Focus on what the user gains, not just product features.
- Strong Hook: The first line of your copy is vital.
- Emojis: Can add personality and break up text.
- Hashtags: Use relevant, trending, and branded hashtags.
- Urgency/Scarcity: If applicable, create a sense of urgency (limited time offer, low stock).
- Matching Messaging: Ensure the ad copy, creative, and landing page messaging are consistent.
Spark Ads vs. Non-Spark Ads:
- Spark Ads: Leverage existing organic TikTok posts or creator content. They appear more native and often perform better due to social proof (likes, comments, shares from the original post). They can also drive profile growth.
- Non-Spark Ads: Uploaded directly as ads. Still effective but lack the immediate social proof.
- Troubleshooting: If non-Spark ads perform poorly, test converting popular organic posts into Spark Ads. Collaborate with creators for Spark Ads content.
User-Generated Content (UGC) & Creator Collaborations:
- Authenticity: UGC is inherently authentic and often resonates deeply with TikTok users.
- Relatability: Users trust recommendations from “real people” more than traditional brands.
- Variety: Work with multiple creators to get diverse perspectives and content styles.
- Repurposing: Don’t just run creator content as is. Re-edit, add text, or use different sound for testing.
A/B Testing Creatives: The Iteration Loop:
- Test one variable at a time: Hook, background music, CTA, video length, ad copy, person speaking.
- Run enough variations: Don’t just test two; test 3-5 distinct creative concepts per ad group.
- Allocate sufficient budget: Give each creative enough budget to gather statistically significant data.
- Allow sufficient time: Let campaigns run for at least 3-7 days to collect enough data.
- Analyze beyond CTR: While CTR is important, ultimately look at conversion rate and ROAS to determine true creative winners. A high CTR with low CVR suggests a creative that attracts clicks but misrepresents the product or offer.
- Refresh Creatives Regularly: TikTok’s feed moves fast. Audience fatigue is real. Constantly refresh your best-performing creatives or introduce entirely new ones. Aim for a new batch of creatives every 2-4 weeks.
5. Campaign Strategy & Bidding: Optimizing Delivery & Efficiency
The technical setup of your campaign, including objectives, bidding, and budget, heavily influences how your ads are delivered and their ultimate cost-effectiveness.
Campaign Objectives Alignment:
- Matching Objectives to Goals: Ensure your chosen campaign objective (e.g., Reach, Traffic, Video Views, Lead Generation, Conversions, App Promotion) directly aligns with your business goal. Selecting “Traffic” when your goal is “Purchases” will likely lead to high-volume, low-quality clicks.
- Learning Phase: Understand that the algorithm needs data during the learning phase (typically 50 conversions per ad group per week) to optimize. Small budgets or too many ad groups can hinder this.
- Consider Mid-Funnel Objectives: If direct conversions are struggling, consider optimizing for a mid-funnel objective like “Initiate Checkout” or “Add to Cart” to build momentum, then switch to “Purchase” once the algorithm has more data.
Bidding Strategies:
- Lowest Cost (Recommended for Most): TikTok’s default. The algorithm automatically bids to get the most conversions within your budget. If performance is low, it might be due to budget constraints, audience issues, or creative fatigue.
- Cost Cap: You set a desired average cost per result. The algorithm tries to stay around this target.
- Troubleshooting: If you’re not spending your budget with a cost cap, your cap might be too low for your target audience or creative quality. Gradually increase the cap until you start spending. Too high, and it might overspend.
- Bid Cap: You set a maximum bid per action. The algorithm will never bid higher than this.
- Troubleshooting: Similar to cost cap, if you’re not spending, your bid cap is likely too low. This is a more restrictive strategy and generally not recommended for beginners. It’s best for highly experienced advertisers who understand the market dynamics and value of each action precisely.
- Manual Bidding (for Cost Cap/Bid Cap): Start with an educated guess based on your target CPA/CPL or the average CPA from Lowest Cost campaigns. Gradually adjust.
- Budget Pacing Issues:
- Under-delivery: Your ads aren’t spending the full budget. This could be due to a too-low bid cap/cost cap, audience too small, or ad quality issues (low CTR leading to less impressions).
- Over-delivery: Spending too fast. This usually indicates a very wide audience or a highly effective creative in an uncontested space. Re-evaluate if the quality of conversions is maintained.
Budget Allocation:
- Campaign Budget Optimization (CBO): Let TikTok distribute budget across ad groups within a campaign. Recommended if you have multiple ad groups with varied performance. It optimizes for the overall campaign goal.
- Troubleshooting CBO: If one ad group hogs all the budget and performs poorly, it might be due to initial poor learning or a misleading signal to the algorithm. Consider pausing underperforming ad groups, or switching to Ad Group Budget Optimization (ABO) temporarily to force spend on specific ad groups for testing.
- Ad Group Budget Optimization (ABO): Set specific budgets for each ad group. Gives you more control.
- Troubleshooting ABO: Ensure each ad group has enough budget to exit the learning phase (e.g., 5-10x your target CPA per day). Too small a budget per ad group can lead to “Learning Limited” status.
- Campaign Budget Optimization (CBO): Let TikTok distribute budget across ad groups within a campaign. Recommended if you have multiple ad groups with varied performance. It optimizes for the overall campaign goal.
Ad Group Structure:
- Consolidation vs. Granularity: Avoid too many ad groups with similar targeting or too few with vastly different creatives.
- Testing Groups: Create separate ad groups for testing different audiences, creatives, or bidding strategies.
Dayparting and Scheduling:
- Manual Scheduling: If you notice your conversions only happen during specific hours, you can set custom ad schedules. This can save budget but might also limit reach.
- Data-Driven: Base scheduling decisions on your conversion data from TikTok Ads Manager (breakdowns by hour/day).
6. Landing Page & Post-Click Experience: The Conversion Funnel Bottleneck
Even if your ads are perfectly targeted with compelling creatives, a poor post-click experience will kill your conversion rate and lead to low ROAS.
Mobile Responsiveness and Load Speed:
- Mobile-First: TikTok is a mobile-only platform. Your landing page must be perfectly optimized for mobile devices. Test on various devices and screen sizes.
- Page Load Speed: Crucial. Users abandon pages that load slowly. Aim for under 3 seconds.
- Tools: Use Google PageSpeed Insights, GTmetrix, or Pingdom Tools to analyze and identify bottlenecks (large images, unoptimized code, slow server response).
- Optimization Steps: Compress images, minify CSS/JS, leverage browser caching, use a CDN, choose a fast hosting provider.
Clear Value Proposition & Messaging Match:
- Consistency: The promise made in your ad creative and copy must be immediately visible and reinforced on the landing page. Any disconnect will confuse users and increase bounce rates.
- Benefit-Oriented Headlines: Your headline should grab attention and clearly state the primary benefit.
- Concise Copy: Get to the point. Users scan, they don’t read long blocks of text.
- Unique Selling Proposition (USP): What makes your product/service different or better? Highlight it prominently.
Simplified Conversion Funnel:
- Reduce Friction: Minimize the number of steps required to convert. Fewer clicks, fewer fields in forms.
- Clear CTA: The primary call-to-action button should be prominent, clearly visible above the fold, and compelling.
- Form Optimization:
- Only ask for essential information.
- Use autofill where possible.
- Provide clear error messages.
- Use progress indicators for multi-step forms.
- Streamlined Checkout: For e-commerce, offer guest checkout, multiple payment options, and clear shipping information upfront.
Trust Signals & Social Proof:
- Customer Reviews/Testimonials: Display positive reviews, star ratings, and social proof prominently.
- Badges/Certifications: Security badges (SSL, payment processors), industry certifications.
- Guarantees/Refund Policies: Clearly state any guarantees to reduce perceived risk.
- FAQ Section: Address common questions and concerns.
A/B Testing Landing Pages:
- Headlines, CTAs, Images, Layouts: Test different variations to see what converts best.
- Heatmaps & Session Recordings: Use tools like Hotjar or Crazy Egg to understand how users interact with your page. Identify areas of confusion or drop-off.
7. Account-Level Issues & Policy Compliance
Sometimes, low performance isn’t about strategy but about technical or policy restrictions imposed by TikTok.
Ad Rejections & Policy Violations:
- Common Reasons:
- Prohibited Content: Drugs, weapons, adult content, tobacco, hate speech, illegal services.
- Restricted Content: Alcohol, gambling, finance, health, supplements (require specific licenses or disclaimers).
- Misleading Claims: Exaggerated promises, false endorsements, unsubstantiated claims.
- Brand Infringement: Using copyrighted material, trademarks without permission.
- Poor Ad Quality: Blurry images, low-resolution videos, excessive text.
- Irrelevant Landing Page: Landing page content doesn’t match the ad.
- Unclear Call to Action: Ambiguous instructions.
- How to Respond:
- Review Policy: Carefully read TikTok’s advertising policies.
- Edit and Resubmit: Modify the ad creative, copy, or landing page to comply.
- Appeal: If you believe the ad was wrongly rejected, submit an appeal with a clear explanation. Provide evidence if necessary.
- Learn from Rejections: Don’t repeat the same mistakes. Maintain a record of rejected ads and the reasons.
- Common Reasons:
Account Suspensions & Restrictions:
- Repeated Violations: Frequent ad rejections can lead to ad account suspension or restrictions.
- Payment Issues: Failed payments, chargebacks.
- Suspicious Activity: Unusual spending patterns or login attempts.
- Action: Contact TikTok Support immediately. Provide all requested documentation and clearly explain the situation. Account reinstatement can be a lengthy process.
Payment Issues:
- Insufficient Funds: Ensure your payment method has sufficient funds.
- Expired Card: Update your credit card details.
- Bank Restrictions: Your bank might be flagging TikTok transactions as suspicious. Contact your bank to approve them.
- Payment Thresholds: Ensure you understand TikTok’s payment thresholds and billing cycles.
Ad Account History & Reputation:
- A history of policy violations or low-quality ads can negatively impact your account’s “trust score,” potentially leading to higher CPMs or less favorable ad delivery. Maintaining a clean account is crucial for long-term performance.
8. Data Analysis & Iteration: The Continuous Improvement Loop
Troubleshooting isn’t a one-time fix; it’s an ongoing process powered by data analysis and iterative testing.
Utilizing TikTok Ads Manager Metrics:
- Customizing Dashboards: Arrange your dashboard to show the most important KPIs for your campaign objective.
- Breakdowns: Use breakdowns by age, gender, location, device, time of day, and placement to identify specific segments that are performing well or poorly. This can uncover hidden insights.
- Cohort Analysis: Track the performance of users acquired during specific periods to understand long-term value.
- Funnel Visualization: Map out your conversion funnel (Impressions > Clicks > Landing Page Views > Add to Cart > Purchase) and identify the biggest drop-off points. This tells you where to focus your troubleshooting efforts (e.g., low CTR = creative/audience issue; high Add-to-Cart but low Purchase = checkout issue).
Attribution Models & Cross-Channel Insights:
- Multi-Touch Attribution: Understand that users often interact with multiple touchpoints before converting. TikTok’s native attribution might not capture the full customer journey.
- Google Analytics/CRM: Cross-reference TikTok data with your Google Analytics or CRM to get a holistic view of performance and better understand the value of TikTok in your overall marketing mix.
- Assisted Conversions: See how TikTok assists conversions even if it’s not the last click.
Hypothesis Testing & Experimentation:
- Formulate Hypotheses: Based on your data analysis, form specific hypotheses. E.g., “Changing the first 3 seconds of the video will increase CTR by 15%.”
- Design Experiments: Set up A/B tests or controlled experiments to validate your hypotheses.
- Analyze Results: Objectively analyze the results, even if they contradict your assumptions.
- Implement Learnings: Scale what works, discard what doesn’t, and iterate.
Scaling Strategies Once Performance Improves:
- Vertical Scaling: Increase budget on well-performing campaigns or ad groups gradually (e.g., 15-20% daily) to avoid shocking the algorithm and maintaining efficiency.
- Horizontal Scaling: Duplicate well-performing ad groups to new audiences, launch new campaigns with similar successful strategies, or expand into new regions.
- Audience Expansion: If niche audiences are working, test broader lookalikes or interest categories.
- Creative Diversification: Introduce more winning creative variations to combat fatigue.
9. Advanced Troubleshooting Techniques & External Factors
Beyond the core campaign elements, several external factors and advanced strategies can influence TikTok ad performance.
Competitor Analysis on TikTok:
- TikTok Creative Center: Explore top-performing ads in your industry or region. This can provide inspiration for hooks, ad copy, and video styles.
- TikTok Ad Library (Unofficial): While TikTok doesn’t have a public ad library like Facebook, you can often find insights through third-party spy tools or by simply observing ads in your feed that are similar to your niche.
- What are they doing differently? Analyze their hooks, CTAs, landing pages, and offers. Are they using Spark Ads? Are they leveraging trending sounds?
Leveraging TikTok Creative Center:
- Top Ads: See what ads are currently performing well globally or in specific regions.
- Trending Sounds: Identify popular sounds to integrate into your creatives for a native feel.
- Product Insights: Understand what types of products are gaining traction.
- Creative Tools: Access templates and editing tools within the Creative Center.
Audience Insights Tool Deep Dive:
- Demographics: Get detailed breakdowns of TikTok users by age, gender, location.
- Interests: Explore broad and niche interests to discover new targeting opportunities.
- Behavioral Data: Understand content consumption habits.
- Overlapping Audiences: Identify if your current audiences overlap significantly, which could lead to increased CPMs due to internal competition.
- Persona Building: Use these insights to refine your ideal customer profiles.
Working with TikTok Account Representatives:
- If you’re spending a significant amount, you might have access to a dedicated TikTok account manager.
- Leverage their expertise: They often have access to internal data, beta features, and best practices specific to your industry.
- Request Audits: Ask them to review your account setup, campaign structure, and performance.
- Stay Informed: They can inform you about upcoming policy changes or platform updates.
Considering External Factors:
- Seasonality: Performance can fluctuate significantly during holidays, sales events (Black Friday, Cyber Monday), or specific seasons relevant to your product (e.g., swimwear in summer). Adjust budgets and strategies accordingly.
- Market Trends: Is your product or service still in demand? Are there new competitors? Has consumer sentiment changed? Monitor broader market and economic trends.
- Economic Climate: Inflation, recessions, or changes in disposable income can impact consumer spending and ad effectiveness.
- Competitor Activity: An influx of new advertisers in your niche can drive up CPMs.
- Platform Updates: TikTok frequently updates its algorithm, ad formats, and policies. Stay informed through official announcements or industry news. Adapt quickly to these changes.
- Global Events: Major news events, crises, or viral trends can influence user behavior and ad performance.
Troubleshooting low-performing TikTok ads is an ongoing, multi-faceted endeavor. It demands a keen eye for data, a willingness to experiment, and a deep understanding of the platform’s nuances. By systematically addressing each potential area – from foundational tracking to creative excellence, strategic bidding, robust landing pages, and vigilant policy compliance – and by continuously analyzing and adapting, advertisers can unlock the immense potential of TikTok as a powerful advertising channel.